Under what circumstances can a covered entity use PHI without explicit patient authorization?

A covered entity can use protected health information (PHI) without obtaining explicit patient authorization primarily for treatment and payment-related activities. This is rooted in the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA), which allows such uses as part of enabling healthcare operations.

When it comes to treatment, it allows healthcare providers to share information to coordinate care, manage referrals, and consult with other providers involved in an individual's care. Also, for payment, covered entities may use PHI for billing, collecting premiums, and other activities necessary to obtain reimbursement for the healthcare services provided.

This is essential for ensuring continuity of care and facilitating efficient medical billing processes while protecting patient privacy and adhering to regulations. The other choices involve scenarios where authorization is typically required or where uses fall outside the core functions relating to treatment and payment, which do not fit within these explicit allowances.