Which activity allows a covered entity to use and disclose certain information without an individual's authorization?

The activity that permits a covered entity to use and disclose certain information without requiring an individual's authorization is related to treatment, payment, or healthcare operations. This principle stems from the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA), which allows healthcare providers to share necessary information for these fundamental areas of healthcare delivery.

When a healthcare provider is involved in treatment, this may include sharing information with other providers for continuity of care. Payment activities involve billing and collections, where it is essential to exchange information with insurance companies and other entities for reimbursement purposes. Healthcare operations encompass activities such as quality assessment, case management, and audits, all of which are essential for maintaining and improving the efficacy and quality of care provided to patients.

While other activities such as marketing or research on healthcare trends do pertain to the use of medical information, they typically require explicit patient authorization unless else specified under particular rules or exemptions. Similarly, public health analyses have their own guidelines surrounding the use of identifiable health information, often requiring more stringent controls. Thus, the option reflecting treatment, payment, or healthcare operations is the correct answer, as it aligns directly with the provisions set out in HIPAA, facilitating the necessary flow of information while protecting patient privacy.