Which modifiers may apply when monitored anesthesia care (MAC) is performed?

When determining the appropriate modifiers for monitored anesthesia care (MAC), the correct choice is GS, G8, and G9.

Modifier GS is used to indicate that the service performed is part of the global surgery package but is not bundled with the surgical procedure, often applicable when anesthesia services are utilized in conjunction with a procedure.

Modifier G8 is specifically used to indicate that the anesthesia is deemed to be a higher level of service due to the patient having a significant comorbid condition or health risk factors that could affect their experience during the anesthesia. This modifier signals the complexity of the patient's case.

Modifier G9 is applied to indicate that the patient has a history of severe systemic disease impacting the anesthesia procedure, also highlighting the necessity for additional considerations during MAC.

These modifiers collectively help to clarify the nuances in billing for anesthesia services and ensure appropriate reimbursement for the heightened level of care required for patients undergoing procedures under monitored anesthesia care. The other modifiers listed do not pertain to anesthesia services in the context of MAC or are not relevant to the specific patient management strategy involved.